Jim Bolger, who served as New Zealand’s Prime Minister from 1990 to 1997, died peacefully on Wednesday at the age of 90, his family confirmed in a statement. The former National Party leader is remembered for steering the nation through a period of significant economic reform and, crucially, for advancing a new era of reconciliation with Indigenous Māori communities.

A Legacy of Reform and Reconciliation

Jim Bolger’s government took office facing an economic crisis and implemented major reforms aimed at tackling debt and inflation. However, his enduring legacy often centers on his pivotal role in progressing Treaty of Waitangi settlements.

The Treaty of Waitangi, signed in 1840 between the British Crown and Māori chiefs. Considered New Zealand’s founding document, and breaches of the agreement have led to historical claims. Under Bolger’s leadership, the government negotiated the first major modern Treaty settlement, including the historic agreement with Waikato Tainui in 1995. This marked a turning point, signaling the Crown’s commitment to addressing historical grievances and fostering better relations with Māori. His government also oversaw the establishment of Te Māngai Pāho, an agency supporting Māori broadcasting and education.

Political and Personal Life

Born in Ōpunake, Jim Bolger was a sheep and beef farmer before entering Parliament in 1972. As Prime Minister, he also ushered in the Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) electoral system.A fundamental shift in New Zealand’s political landscape. After being ousted as party leader in 1997, he later served as New Zealand’s ambassador to the United States.

Paying tribute, current Prime Minister Christopher Luxon described Bolger as a “towering figure in New Zealand’s political life” and a “leader of conviction, a reformer of consequence.” Bolger is survived by his wife, Joan, and their nine children.